Part 1 – For Loop

• For Loop – To Repeat no of Times.
• Syntax:

<?php
for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++){
    echo "Number: $i <br>";
}
?>

• Output: 1,2,3,4,5

Part 2 – While Loop

• While Loop condition true இருக்கும் வரை repeat செய்யும்.

<?php
$i = 1;
while($i <= 5){
    echo "Number: $i <br>";
    $i++;
}
?>

Part 3 – Do-While Loop

• Do-While Loop குறைந்தது ஒரு முறை code execute செய்யும்.

<?php
$i = 1;
do{
    echo "Number: $i <br>";
    $i++;
} while($i <= 5);
?>

Part 4 – Foreach Loop

• Foreach Loop mainly arrays iterate செய்ய பயன்படும்.

<?php
$colors = array("Red","Green","Blue");
foreach($colors as $color){
    echo "Color: $color <br>";
}
?>

Part 5 – Real-life Example

• Array values display
• Table rows iterate
• Invoice items repeat

<?php
$items = array("Pen"=>10,"Book"=>5,"Notebook"=>7);
foreach($items as $item => $qty){
    echo "$item quantity: $qty <br>";
}
?>

Part 1 – If Statement

• If statement என்பது ஒரு condition true ஆக இருந்தால் code execute செய்யும்.
• Syntax:

<?php
$age = 18;
if($age >= 18){
    echo "You are eligible to vote.";
}
?>

Part 2 – If-Else Statement

• Condition true/false இருவரையும் handle செய்ய If-Else பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
• Example:

<?php
$age = 16;
if($age >= 18){
    echo "You can vote.";
} else {
    echo "You are not eligible to vote.";
}
?>

Part 3 – Elseif Statement

• Multiple conditions handle செய்ய Elseif பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
• Example:

<?php
$marks = 75;
if($marks >= 90){
    echo "Grade A";
} elseif($marks >= 75){
    echo "Grade B";
} elseif($marks >= 50){
    echo "Grade C";
} else {
    echo "Fail";
}
?>

Part 4 – Switch Statement

• Switch statement variable மதிப்பை பரிசீலிக்க உதவும்.
• Example:

<?php
$day = 3;
switch($day){
    case 1:
        echo "Monday";
        break;
    case 2:
        echo "Tuesday";
        break;
    case 3:
        echo "Wednesday";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Invalid day";
}
?>

Part 5 – Real-life Example

• Age check for eligibility
• Grade calculation
• Menu selection

Example combining If-Else and Switch:

<?php
$age = 20;
$day = 2;

if($age >= 18){
    echo "You can vote.<br>";
} else {
    echo "You cannot vote.<br>";
}

switch($day){
    case 1:
        echo "Today is Monday";
        break;
    case 2:
        echo "Today is Tuesday";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Invalid day";
}
?>

Part 1 – Arithmetic Operators

• + Addition, – Subtraction, * Multiplication, / Division, % Modulus
• Example:

<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 3;

echo $a + $b; // 13
echo $a - $b; // 7
echo $a * $b; // 30
echo $a / $b; // 3.3333
echo $a % $b; // 1
?>

Part 2 – Assignment Operators

• *=, +=, -=, =, /=
• Example:

<?php
$x = 5;
$x += 3; // x = x + 3, result: 8
$x *= 2; // x = x * 2, result: 16
?>

Part 3 – Comparison Operators

• ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Example:

<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 5;

var_dump($a > $b); // true
var_dump($a == $b); // false
var_dump($a != $b); // true
?>

Part 4 – Logical Operators

• && AND, || OR, ! NOT
• Example:

<?php
$x = true;
$y = false;

var_dump($x && $y); // false
var_dump($x || $y); // true
var_dump(!$x);      // false
?>

Part 5 – Expressions & Real-life Example

• Expressions என்பது Operators மற்றும் Variables பயன்படுத்தி ஒரு result generate செய்யும் statement.
• Example:

<?php
$price = 100;
$tax = 0.18;
$total = $price + ($price * $tax);
echo "Total Price: $total"; // 118
?>

• Real-life usage: Bill calculation, Age check, Login validation, etc.

Learning PHP effectively involves a structured approach that covers basic to advanced concepts. Here’s a comprehensive outline to guide your learning journey:

1. Introduction to PHP

• Overview of PHP: Learn about PHP’s history, its uses, and why it’s popular for web development.
• Setting Up PHP: Install PHP on your local machine and set up a development environment (XAMPP, WAMP, or MAMP).

2. Basic Syntax and Operations

• Hello, World!: Write your first PHP script.
• Basic Syntax: Understand PHP tags, comments, and basic syntax rules.
• Data Types: Learn about PHP’s data types (integers, floats, strings, booleans, arrays, objects).
• Variables: How to declare and use variables.
• Constants: Defining and using constants.

3. Control Structures

• Conditional Statements: if, else if, else, and switch-case.
• Loops: for, while, do-while, and foreach loops.
• Control Flow Statements: break, continue, and return.

4. Functions

• Defining Functions: Learn to define and call functions, pass arguments, and return values.
• Variable Scope: Understand global and local scope.
• Built-in Functions: Familiarize yourself with common PHP built-in functions.

5. Arrays

• Types of Arrays: Indexed arrays, associative arrays, and multidimensional arrays.
• Array Functions: Explore array functions like array_push, array_pop, array_merge, and array_slice.

6. String Manipulation

• String Operations: Concatenation, length, substrings.
• String Functions: Common string functions like strlen, strpos, substr, str_replace.
• Regular Expressions: Using preg_match, preg_replace, and other regex functions.

7. Working with Forms

• Form Handling: Using GET and POST methods.
• Form Validation: Basic form validation techniques.
• Superglobals: $_GET, $_POST, $_REQUEST, $_SERVER, etc.

8. File Handling

• Reading and Writing Files: fopen, fread, fwrite, fclose, and file_get_contents.
• File Uploads: Handling file uploads and $_FILES superglobal.
• File Functions: Explore file-related functions like file_exists, is_readable, is_writable.

9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Classes and Objects: Defining classes, creating objects, and understanding constructors.
• Properties and Methods: Working with class properties and methods.
• Inheritance: Implementing inheritance and understanding the parent and child relationship.
• Encapsulation: Access modifiers (public, private, protected).
• Polymorphism: Method overriding.
• Interfaces and Abstract Classes: Implementing interfaces and abstract classes.

10. Working with Databases

• Connecting to a Database: Using MySQLi and PDO to connect to a MySQL database.
• CRUD Operations: Perform Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations.
• Prepared Statements: Using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection.

11. Error Handling

• Basic Error Handling: Using die(), trigger_error(), and error_reporting().
• Exception Handling: Try, catch, and finally blocks.
• Custom Error Handling: Creating custom error handlers.

12. Sessions and Cookies

• Sessions: Starting a session, setting and retrieving session variables, destroying a session.
• Cookies: Setting and retrieving cookies, cookie expiration.

13. Working with APIs

• RESTful APIs: Consuming RESTful APIs using cURL and file_get_contents.
• JSON Handling: Encoding and decoding JSON data.

14. Security Best Practices

• Input Sanitization: Validating and sanitizing user inputs.
• SQL Injection: Preventing SQL injection.
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Understanding and preventing XSS attacks.
• Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF): Understanding and preventing CSRF attacks.
• Password Hashing: Using password_hash() and password_verify() functions.

15. Advanced Topics

• Namespaces: Understanding and using namespaces.
• Composer: Using Composer for dependency management.
• MVC Frameworks: Introduction to PHP frameworks like Laravel, Symfony, and CodeIgniter.
• Advanced OOP Concepts: Traits, magic methods, and reflection.

16. Testing and Debugging

• Debugging Tools: Using tools like Xdebug.
• Unit Testing: Writing unit tests using PHPUnit.
• Error Logging: Configuring and managing error logs.

17. Deployment

• Preparing for Deployment: Best practices for deploying PHP applications.
• Server Configuration: Basics of configuring Apache or Nginx for PHP.
• Version Control: Using Git for version control and GitHub for collaboration.

18. Continuous Learning

• Community Engagement: Join PHP communities on Stack Overflow, Reddit, or Discord.
• Stay Updated: Follow PHP-related blogs, podcasts, and news.
• Advanced Resources: Read advanced books like “PHP Objects, Patterns, and Practice” by M. Zandstra.

By following this outline, you’ll build a solid foundation in PHP and progressively advance your skills through practical application and continuous learning.