🗣️ A. Greetings & Introductions
1. Hi! How are you?ஹாய்! நீங்கள் எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்?
2. Good morning!காலை வணக்கம்!
3. Good afternoon!மதிய வணக்கம்!
4. Good evening!மாலை வணக்கம்!
5. Nice to meet you.உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சி.
6. Pleased to meet you.உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சியடைந்தேன்.
7. Long time no see.நீண்ட காலமாக பார்க்கவில்லை.
8. How have you been?நீங்கள் எப்படிப்பட்டிருந்தீர்கள்?
9. Where are you from?நீங்கள் எங்கிருந்து வந்தவர்?
10. I’m from [city].நான் [நகரம்] இல் இருந்து வந்தவன்/வள்.
11. What’s your name?உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன?
12. My name is [name].என் பெயர் [பெயர்].
13. Nice to see you again.மீண்டும் உங்களை பார்க்க மகிழ்ச்சி.
14. Have a great day!உங்களுக்கு ஒரு நல்ல நாளாக அமைய வாழ்த்துக்கள்!
15. See you soon.விரைவில் பார்க்கலாம்.
☀️ B. Daily Small Talk
16. How was your day?உங்கள் நாள் எப்படி இருந்தது?
17. What are you doing now?நீங்கள் இப்போ என்ன செய்கிறீர்கள்?
18. What did you do today?இன்று நீங்கள் என்ன செய்தீர்கள்?
19. How was your weekend?உங்கள் வார இறுதி எப்படி இருந்தது?
20. It’s a nice day.இன்று நல்ல நாள்.
21. The weather is great.வானிலை மிகவும் சிறந்தது.
22. I’m just relaxing.நான் சுமாராக ஓய்வெடுப்பதாக இருக்கிறேன்.
23. I’m running late.நான் தாமதமாகிறேன்.
24. I’m tired today.இன்று நான் சோர்வாக இருக்கிறேன்.
25. I’m feeling better.நான் சிறிது மேம்பட்டது என எண்ணுகிறேன்.
❓ C. Useful Questions
26. Can you help me?நீங்கள் என்னை உதவ முடியுமா?
27. Could you repeat that, please?தயவு செய்து அதை மீண்டும் சொல்ல முடியுமா?
28. Where is the bathroom?கழிப்பறை எங்கு இருக்கிறது?
29. How much is this?இது எவ்வளவு விலை?
30. Do you speak English?நீங்கள் ஆங்கிலம் பேச முடியுமா?
31. Can I ask you a question?நான் உங்களுக்கு ஒரு கேள்வி கேட்கலாமா?
32. Where can I buy [item]?நான் [உருப்படி] எங்கு வாங்கலாம்?
33. What time does it open?இது எப்போது திறக்கும்?
34. What time does it close?இது எப்போது மூடப்படும்?
35. How can I get there?நான் அதை எங்கு செல்ல வேண்டும்?
36. Is there a discount?தள்ளுபடி இருக்கிறதா?
37. Do you accept cards?நீங்கள் கார்டுகள் ஏற்றுக் கொள்கிறீர்களா?
38. May I try this on?நான் இதை முயற்சி செய்து பார்க்கலாமா?
39. Is Wi-Fi available?Wi-Fi கிடைக்குமா?
40. Could you show me on the map?நகշாவில் எனக்கு காட்ட முடியுமா?
41. Where is the nearest ATM?அருகிலுள்ள ATM எங்கு உள்ளது?
42. How far is it?அது எவ்வளவு தூரம் இருக்கிறது?
43. Which bus goes there?அங்க செல்ல எந்த பேருந்து போகிறது?
44. Can I have the bill, please?கணக்கு கொடுக்கலாமா, தயவு செய்து?
45. What is your phone number?உங்கள் தொலைபேசி எண் என்ன?
💬 D. Common Responses
46. I’m fine, thank you.நான் நன்றாக இருக்கிறேன், நன்றி.
47. I don’t understand.எனக்கு புரியவில்லை.
48. I’m sorry.மன்னிக்கவும்.
49. That’s interesting.அது சுவாரஸ்யமாக இருக்கிறது.
50. I like it.எனக்கு அது பிடிக்கிறது.
51. I don’t like it.எனக்குப் அது பிடிக்கவில்லை.
52. Maybe later.பின்னர் நடந்தால் நன்று.
53. I’ll do it.நான் அதை செய்வேன்.
54. I can’t today.நான் இன்றைக்கு முடியாது.
55. That’s okay.அது சரி.
56. I understand.நான் புரிந்துகொண்டேன்.
57. I don’t know.எனக்கு தெரியாது.
58. I’ll call you later.நான் பின்னர் உங்களுக்கு அழைப்பேன்.
59. That’s not possible.அது சாத்தியமில்லை.
60. I’m not sure.நான் உறுதியாக இல்லை.
😊 E. Emotions & Reactions
61. I’m happy for you.நான் உங்களுக்காக மகிழ்ச்சியடைந்தேன்.
62. I’m really excited.நான் மிகவும் உற்சாகமாக இருக்கிறேன்.
63. I’m worried.நான் கவலைப்படுகிறேன்.
64. I’m proud of you.நான் உங்களைப் போற்றுகிறேன்.
65. I feel sad.என்னை சோகமாக உணர்கிறேன்.
66. That makes me happy.அது என்னை மகிழ்ச்சியடைய செய்கிறது.
67. That frustrates me.அது என்னை கோபப்படுத்துகிறது.
68. I’m surprised!நான் ஆச்சரியப்பட்டேன்!
69. I’m disappointed.நான் மனசாட்சி கெட்டுவிட்டேன்.
70. That sounds amazing.அது அற்புதமாக தெரிகிறது.
🏢 F. Office & School Phrases
71. I have a meeting at 10.எனக்கு 10 மணிக்கு ஒரு கூட்டம் இருக்கிறது.
72. Can you send the file?கோப்பை அனுப்ப முடியுமா?
73. Please check the document.தயவு செய்து ஆவணத்தை சரிபார்க்கவும்.
74. I will finish it by today.நான் அதை இன்று முடித்து கொடுகிறேன்.
75. Let’s discuss this later.இதுபற்றி பின்னர் விவாதிப்போம்.
76. I need your feedback.உங்கள் கருத்து தேவை.
77. Could you review this?இதைக் விமர்சிக்க முடியுமா?
78. Deadline is tomorrow.கடைசி நாள் நாளைக்கு.
79. I’m on leave today.நான் இன்று விடுமுறையில் இருக்கிறேன்.
80. Please join the call.தயவு செய்து அழைப்பில் கலந்து கொள்ளவும்.
✈️ G. Travel & Shopping
81. I need a taxi.எனக்கு ஒரு டாக்சி வேண்டும.
82. Where is the hotel?ஹோட்டல் எங்கு இருக்கிறது?
83. I have a reservation.என்னிடம் முன்பதிவு உள்ளது.
84. Can I get a room for one night?ஒரு இரவு ஒரு அறை கிடைக்குமா?
85. Do you have vegetarian food?உங்களிடம் காய்கறி உணவு இருக்கிறதா?
86. Is breakfast included?காலை உணவு சேர்த்துள்ளதா?
87. I’d like to buy this.நான் இதை வாங்க விரும்புகிறேன்.
88. Can you gift wrap it?இதை பரிசாக அடுக்கு வழக்கா?
89. Where can I exchange money?நான் பணம் மாற்ற எங்கு போக வேண்டும்?
90. I need directions to the station.நிலையத்துக்கு வழி காட்டுங்கள்.
91. One ticket to [place], please.ஒரு டிக்கெட் [இடத்திற்கு], தயவு செய்து.
92. When is the next bus?அடுத்த பேருந்து எப்போது?
93. Is this seat taken?இந்த இருக்கை பிடிக்கப்பட்டதா?
94. I’d like a window seat.நான் சாளரத்தில் இருக்கையை விரும்புகிறேன்.
95. Do you have a map?உங்களிடம் ஒரு வரைபடம் இருக்கிறதா?
📱 H. Phone & Online
96. Can I call you later?பின்னர் உங்களை அழைக்கலாமா?
97. Please send me a message.தயவு செய்து எனக்கு ஒரு செய்தி அனுப்பவும்.
98. I didn’t get your message.உங்கள் செய்தி வந்திருக்கவில்லை.
99. Could you email the details?விவரங்களை மின்னஞ்சல் மூலம் அனுப்பமுடியுமா?
100. My internet is slow.என் இணையம் மெதுவாக உள்ளது.
101. I will join the video call.நான் வீடியோ அழைப்பில் கலந்து கொள்வேன்.
102. Please mute your mic.தயவு செய்து மைக் மவுட் செய்யவும்.
103. Can you share your screen?தயவு செய்து உங்கள் திரையை பகிர முடியுமா?
104. I’ll be right back.நான் உடனே வருவேன்.
105. Please wait a moment.தயவு செய்து சிறிது நேரம் காத்திருக்கவும்.
🤝 I. Polite Expressions & Help
106. Thank you very much.மிகவும் நன்றி.
107. You’re welcome.வரவேற்கிறேன்.
108. I appreciate your help.
50 Daily Useful English Phrases
🗣️ A. Greetings & Introductions
1. Hi! How are you?ஹாய்! நீங்கள் எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்?
2. Good morning! How’s everything?காலை வணக்கம்! எல்லாம் எப்படி நடக்கிறது?
3. Nice to meet you!உங்களை சந்தித்ததில் மகிழ்ச்சி!
4. It’s been a long time!நீண்ட நாட்களாகி விட்டது!
5. How have you been?நீங்கள் எப்படி இருந்தீர்கள்?
6. What’s new with you?உங்களிடம் என்ன புதிது?
7. Hope you’re doing well.நீங்கள் நலமாக இருப்பீர்கள் என்று நம்புகிறேன்.
8. Where are you from?நீங்கள் எங்கிருந்து வந்தீர்கள்?
9. Glad to see you again!மீண்டும் உங்களைப் பார்க்கும்போது மகிழ்ச்சி!
10. Have a great day!நன்று ஒரு நாள் அமையட்டும்!
❓ B. Common Questions
11. What do you do?நீங்கள் என்ன வேலை செய்கிறீர்கள்?
12. Where do you work or study?நீங்கள் எங்கே வேலை செய்கிறீர்கள் அல்லது படிக்கிறீர்கள்?
13. How was your weekend?உங்கள் விடுமுறை எப்படி இருந்தது?
14. What are your plans for today?இன்றைக்கு உங்கள் திட்டம் என்ன?
15. Do you have any hobbies?உங்களுக்கு எந்தவொரு பொழுதுபோக்கும் இருக்கிறதா?
16. Can you help me with this?இதில் எனக்கு உதவ முடியுமா?
17. What time is it?இப்போது மணி எத்தனை?
18. How much does this cost?இதற்குக் கட்டணம் எவ்வளவு?
19. Where is the nearest bus stop?அருகிலுள்ள பேருந்து நிறுத்தம் எங்கே?
20. Could you please repeat that?தயவு செய்து அதை மீண்டும் சொல்ல முடியுமா?
21. What do you think about this?இதுபற்றி உங்களுடைய எண்ணம் என்ன?
22. Are you free this evening?இன்றைய மாலை நீங்கள் சுதந்திரமாக இருக்கிறீர்களா?
23. How long have you lived here?நீங்கள் இங்கே எத்தனை காலமாக இருக்கிறீர்கள்?
24. Which is your favorite movie?உங்களுக்கு பிடித்த திரைப்படம் எது?
25. Do you like coffee or tea?உங்களுக்கு காபியா அல்லது டீயா பிடிக்குமா?
💬 C. Common Responses
26. I’m fine, thank you.நான் நன்றாக இருக்கிறேன், நன்றி.
27. I’m doing great!நான் அருமையாக இருக்கிறேன்!
28. That sounds good.அது நல்லதாக இருக்கிறது.
29. Not bad, thanks.கெட்டதல்ல, நன்றி.
30. I’m a bit busy today.இன்று கொஞ்சம் பிஸியாக இருக்கிறேன்.
31. I agree with you.நான் உங்களுடன் ஒத்துக்கொள்கிறேன்.
32. I’m not sure about that.அதைப் பற்றி எனக்கு உறுதி இல்லை.
33. I’ll think about it.நான் அதைப் பற்றி யோசிப்பேன்.
34. That’s a good idea!அது ஒரு நல்ல யோசனை!
35. I really appreciate it.நான் அதை உண்மையாக மதிக்கிறேன்.
36. Sorry, I didn’t catch that.மன்னிக்கவும், நான் அதை கேட்கவில்லை.
37. Could you say that again, please?தயவு செய்து அதை மீண்டும் சொல்ல முடியுமா?
38. Let’s do it!அதைச் செய்வோம்!
39. No problem at all.எந்த பிரச்சனையும் இல்லை.
40. That’s fine with me.அது எனக்குப் பொருந்துகிறது.
🤝 D. Polite Expressions
41. Excuse me.மன்னிக்கவும்.
42. I’m sorry.நான் மன்னிப்பு கேட்கிறேன்.
43. Thank you so much.மிகுந்த நன்றி.
44. You’re welcome.உங்களை வரவேற்கிறேன்.
45. That’s very kind of you.அது உங்களின் கருணையைக் காட்டுகிறது.
46. Please wait a moment.தயவு செய்து ஒரு நிமிடம் காத்திருக்கவும்.
47. Don’t worry about it.அதைப் பற்றி கவலைப்பட வேண்டாம்.
48. Take care!கவனமாக இருங்கள்!
49. See you soon!விரைவில் சந்திப்போம்!
50. Have a nice weekend!அற்புதமான வார இறுதி அமையட்டும்!
💡 Practice Tip: Speak 5 phrases each morning and 5 at night. Within one week, your pronunciation and confidence will improve fast!
JAVASCRIPT DOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL – NOTES
1. DOM Basics
📌 What is the DOM?
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents.
- It represents the HTML page as a structured tree of objects.
- Each element, attribute, and piece of text in your HTML is a node in this tree.
- JavaScript can read, modify, add, or delete these nodes to change the page dynamically.
In short: The DOM is not the HTML itself—it’s the in-memory representation of the page that JavaScript interacts with.
🔄 How browsers convert HTML into a DOM tree
When you open a web page:
- Browser downloads HTML from the server.
- The HTML parser reads the code from top to bottom.
- Each tag becomes a node in a tree structure.
- The browser stores this tree in memory — that’s the DOM.
- CSS and JavaScript then work with this DOM to style and update it.
Example:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Hello</h1>
</body>
</html>
Becomes:
Document
└── html
└── body
└── h1
└── "Hello"
🌳 DOM Nodes
| Node Type | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Document Node | document | The root of the DOM tree. |
| Element Node | <h1>, <p> | HTML tags. |
| Text Node | "Hello World" | The actual text inside elements. |
| Attribute Node | class="title" | The attributes of HTML elements. |
🏠 Real-life Analogy
Think of:
- HTML as the blueprint of a building.
- DOM as the actual building in front of you.
- JavaScript as the construction crew that can paint walls, move furniture, or add new rooms without rebuilding the whole structure.
📍 Visual DOM Tree Diagram
document
└── html
├── head
│ ├── meta
│ └── title ("My Page")
└── body
├── h1 ("Welcome")
└── p ("This is my page.")
Graphical version:
Imagine boxes connected with lines:
- Each box is a node (element, text, etc.).
- Lines show the parent-child relationships.
Examples :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1> Hello Students </h1>
<h1> Hello Friends </h1>
<p class="t1"> Welcome </p>
<p class="t1"> PSR Eng </p>
<p class="t1"> Sivakasi </p>
<p id="mytitle"> MyCourse</p>
<script type="text/javascript">
let m=document.getElementsByClassName("t1");
console.log(m[0].innerText)
console.log(m[1].innerText)
console.log(m[2].innerText)
let m3=document.getElementById("mytitle");
console.log(m3.innerText);
let myh=document.getElementsByTagName("h1");
console.log(myh[0].innerText);
console.log(myh[1].innerText);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output :
Example : InnerText and InnerHTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="area1">
<h1> Student Area </h1>
<ul>
<li> 1. Aruna </li>
<li> 2. Kumar </li>
<li>3. Raj </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="area2">
<h1> Teachers Area </h1>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
let a1=document.getElementById("area1");
console.log(a1.innerText);
console.log(a1.innerHTML);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example : Inner HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="area1">
</div>
<div id="area2">
<h1> Teacher Zone </h1>
</div>
<div id="area3">
</div>
<div id="area4">
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
let a1=document.getElementById("area1");
a1.innerText="Students Zone";
let a2=document.getElementById("area2");
let tcopy=a2.innerText;
console.log(tcopy);
let a3=document.getElementById("area3");
a3.innerText=tcopy;
let myarea=document.getElementById("area4");
myarea.innerHTML="<b>Collage Zone</b>";
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example :
Example :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="mytable">
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
let mytbl=document.getElementById("mytable");
mytbl.innerHTML="<h1>Course Details </h1><h2>Javascript</h2>";
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="mytable">
Welcome to My Home Page
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
let mytbl=document.getElementById("mytable");
mytbl.style.color="Red";
mytbl.style.fontSize="20px";
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output :
Example for Events
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="mytable" tabindex="0">
Welcome to My Home Page
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
let mytbl=document.getElementById("mytable");
//Common Events
//mytbl.addEventListener("click",
//mytbl.addEventListener("dblclick",
//mytbl.addEventListener("mouseout",
//mytbl.addEventListener("mouseover",
//mytbl.addEventListener("keydown",
//mytbl.addEventListener("keyup",
mytbl.addEventListener("mouseover",
function()
{
mytbl.style.color="Red";
mytbl.style.backgroundColor="Yellow";
mytbl.style.fontSize="20px";
});
mytbl.addEventListener("mouseout",
function()
{
mytbl.style.color="blue";
mytbl.style.backgroundColor="white";
mytbl.style.fontSize="20px";
});
mytbl.addEventListener("keydown",
function()
{
mytbl.style.color="green";
mytbl.style.backgroundColor="orange";
mytbl.style.fontSize="40px";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
HTML DOM: From Beginner to Advanced
Module 1 – Introduction to the DOM
1. What is the DOM?
- DOM stands for Document Object Model.
- It’s a tree-like structure created by the browser when it loads an HTML page.
- Every HTML tag becomes a node in the DOM tree:
- Element nodes (e.g.,
<p>,<h1>,<div>) - Attribute nodes (e.g.,
id,class,src) - Text nodes (the actual text content inside elements)
- Element nodes (e.g.,
📌 Think of DOM as a live copy of your HTML that JavaScript can read and change at any time.
2. How the DOM Works
- You write HTML → Browser reads it.
- Browser builds the DOM tree in memory.
- JavaScript can:
- Read (get content, styles, attributes)
- Write (change content, styles, attributes)
- Create (add new elements)
- Delete (remove elements)
3. The document Object
- The
documentobject represents the entire web page. - It is your entry point to the DOM.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>DOM Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">Hello DOM!</h1>
<script>
console.log(document.title);
console.log(document.body);
</script>
</body>
</html>
4. Inspecting the DOM
Teaching Demo:
- Open any webpage.
- Press F12 → Go to Elements tab → See the DOM tree.
- Go to Console and try:
document.titledocument.body.style.backgroundColor = "lightblue"
5. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner Level
- Change the background color of the page using
document.body.style. - Print the text of the
<h1>element in the console.
<html>
<head>
<title> Welcome To Ramakayal Computer Education</title>
<style>
#p1
{
color:blue;
}
#p2
{
color:red;
}
.myarea1
{
background-color:yellow
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style='color:red'> My Festivals </h1>
<p id='p1'> There are two prevailing definitions of the lunar month: amānta, where the month ends with the new moon, and pūrṇimānta, where it ends with the full moon.[3] Consequently, the same day may be associated with different but adjoining months. When a festival takes place during śukla paksha (the waxing phase of the moon), both traditions attribute it to the same month. However, if the festival occurs during kṛiṣhṇa paksha (the waning phase of the moon), the two traditions assign it to different, but adjacent months. </p>
<h1> Welcome </h1>
</div>
<script>
document.body.style.backgroundColor="green"
</script>
</body>
</html>
✅ Challenge Level
- Create an HTML file with a
<p>tag. - Use JavaScript to:
- Print its text in the console.
- Change it to “Hello from JavaScript!”.
Module 2 – Selecting Elements
1. Why We Need to Select Elements
- Before changing an element, JavaScript needs to find it in the DOM.
- We can select elements in different ways depending on:
- ID
- Class
- Tag name
- CSS selector patterns
2. Main Selection Methods
a) getElementById()
- Finds an element by its
id(must be unique in a page).
<p id="myPara">Hello World</p>
<script>
let para = document.getElementById("myPara");
console.log(para.innerText);
</script>
b) getElementsByClassName()
- Finds elements by class name.
- Returns an HTMLCollection (like an array, but not exactly).
htmlCopyEdit<p class="text">Para 1</p>
<p class="text">Para 2</p>
<script>
let items = document.getElementsByClassName("text");
console.log(items[0].innerText);
</script>
c) getElementsByTagName()
- Finds elements by tag name (
p,div,img, etc.).
javascriptCopyEditlet allParas = document.getElementsByTagName("p");
console.log(allParas.length);
d) querySelector()
- Finds the first element matching a CSS selector.
javascriptCopyEditlet firstPara = document.querySelector(".text");
e) querySelectorAll()
- Finds all elements matching a CSS selector.
- Returns a NodeList (can use
forEach()).
javascriptCopyEditlet allItems = document.querySelectorAll(".text");
allItems.forEach(item => console.log(item.innerText));
3. Quick Comparison Table
| Method | Returns | Multiple? | Selector Type |
|---|---|---|---|
getElementById() | Element | No | ID only |
getElementsByClassName() | HTMLCollection | Yes | Class only |
getElementsByTagName() | HTMLCollection | Yes | Tag only |
querySelector() | Element | No | CSS selector |
querySelectorAll() | NodeList | Yes | CSS selector |
4. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner Level
- Select an element by ID and log its text.
- Select all
<li>elements and log how many there are.
✅ Challenge Level
- Create a list of items with the same class.
- Use
querySelectorAll()to select them and change their color to red.
Got it — let’s build Module 3: Changing Content in the DOM so it’s easy to teach and practice.
I’ll give lesson notes, code examples, a comparison table, practice exercises, and a ready-to-use teaching script.
Module 3 – Changing Content
1. Why Change Content?
- Web pages can be dynamic — content can change without reloading.
- JavaScript lets you:
- Change text
- Change HTML structure
- Change attributes (like
src,href,alt, etc.)
2. Changing Text Content
We can change only the text (without HTML tags) using:
a) .innerText
- Shows text as displayed (ignores hidden elements, respects CSS).
<p id="myPara">Hello</p>
<script>
document.getElementById("myPara").innerText = "Hello from JavaScript!";
</script>
b) .textContent
- Shows all text inside the element (even hidden).
document.getElementById("myPara").textContent = "Updated text";
3. Changing HTML Content
Use .innerHTML to replace the inside HTML.
document.getElementById("myPara").innerHTML = "<b>Bold text</b>";
⚠ Note: Be careful with user input (XSS risk).
4. Changing Attributes
We can use:
.setAttribute(name, value)→ sets an attribute.getAttribute(name)→ gets an attribute value
<img id="myImg" src="old.jpg" width="200">
<script>
document.getElementById("myImg").setAttribute("src", "new.jpg");
</script>
5. Changing Input Values
For form fields:
document.getElementById("username").value = "John";
6. Quick Comparison Table
| Method | Changes What? | Reads Hidden Text? |
|---|---|---|
.innerText | Text only | No |
.textContent | Text only | Yes |
.innerHTML | HTML structure | N/A |
.setAttribute() | Attributes | N/A |
.value | Input value | N/A |
7. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner
- Change the text of an
<h1>from “Welcome” to “Hello World”. - Change the
srcof an image.
✅ Challenge
- Create a
<p>with “Click the button to update me”. - On button click:
- Change text to “Updated!”
- Make it bold using
.innerHTML.
8. Teaching Script
“In the last module, we learned how to find elements in the DOM. Now we’ll change them. This is how websites update without a refresh — like showing a live score or updating a news headline. We can change only the text, or even replace the whole HTML inside an element. For example,
.innerTextchanges only the visible text, while.innerHTMLlets you insert HTML tags too. And if we want to change things like an image’s source or a link’s address, we use.setAttribute(). Let’s try replacing an image by changing itssrc…”
If you want, I can prepare Modules 1–3 as a single interactive HTML page
where each module has:
- Code sample
- “Run” button
- Output area
That would make your teaching hands-on and fun.
Do you want me to prepare that combined demo?
Alright — let’s make Module 4: Styling Elements clear, visual, and ready for teaching.
I’ll include lesson notes, examples, practice tasks, and a short teaching script so your students can both see and try the changes.
Module 4 – Styling Elements
1. Why Style Elements with JavaScript?
- Sometimes we want dynamic styles that change based on:
- User actions (hover, click)
- Data changes
- Time or random effects
- Two main ways to style:
- Directly change CSS properties via
.style - Add/Remove CSS classes via
.classList
- Directly change CSS properties via
2. Method 1 – Using .style.property
- Changes inline CSS styles directly.
- Syntax:
element.style.propertyName = "value";
⚠ Property names use camelCase in JavaScript (e.g., backgroundColor not background-color).
Example:
<div id="box" style="width:100px; height:100px; background:gray;"></div>
<script>
document.getElementById("box").style.backgroundColor = "red";
document.getElementById("box").style.borderRadius = "10px";
</script>
3. Method 2 – Using .classList
- Allows adding/removing multiple styles at once.
- Works with pre-defined CSS classes.
Example:
<style>
.highlight { background-color: yellow; }
.big { font-size: 24px; }
</style>
<p id="text">Hello</p>
<script>
let p = document.getElementById("text");
p.classList.add("highlight");
p.classList.add("big");
</script>
Common .classList methods:
.add("className").remove("className").toggle("className")→ Adds if missing, removes if present.contains("className")→ Returnstrue/false
4. Method 3 – Changing Multiple Styles at Once
We can set multiple styles by:
Object.assign(element.style, {
backgroundColor: "blue",
color: "white",
padding: "10px"
});
5. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner
- Change a
<div>background color to green using.style. - Increase an
<h1>font size using.style.fontSize.
✅ Challenge
- Create a button that toggles a “dark-mode” class on the
<body>(changes background and text color).
6. Teaching Script
“In Module 3, we changed content. Now, let’s change how it looks. JavaScript can style elements in two ways — directly, using
.style.property, or by adding/removing CSS classes with.classList. Changing styles directly is quick, but adding classes is cleaner because you keep design in CSS and just tell JavaScript when to apply it. Let’s try both methods — first, let’s make a box turn red, then let’s toggle a dark mode for the whole page.”
If you want, I can make Modules 1–4 in one HTML page with buttons so you can demonstrate each step interactively.
It will be perfect for teaching because your students can click and instantly see the effect.
Do you want me to prepare that interactive combined HTML file next?
Alright — here’s Module 6: Forms and Input explained step-by-step, with teaching notes, examples, practice exercises, and a ready-to-use teaching script.
Module 6 – Forms and Input
1. Why Work with Forms in JavaScript?
- Forms allow users to enter data (name, email, password, etc.).
- JavaScript can:
- Read input values.
- Validate data before submission.
- Show error or success messages.
- Prevent page reload on submit.
📌 Think of forms as the “conversation” between your website and the user.
2. Accessing Input Values
We can use .value to get or set input field values.
Example:
<input type="text" id="username" placeholder="Enter your name">
<script>
let nameField = document.getElementById("username");
console.log(nameField.value); // Empty at first
</script>
3. Responding to Input Events
a) Live Input (Typing)
<input type="text" id="name" placeholder="Type something">
<p id="output"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("name").addEventListener("input", function(){
document.getElementById("output").innerText = "You typed: " + this.value;
});
</script>
b) Form Submission
- By default, a form reloads the page.
- Use
event.preventDefault()to stop this.
<form id="myForm">
<input type="text" id="user" placeholder="Your name">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
<script>
document.getElementById("myForm").addEventListener("submit", function(e){
e.preventDefault(); // stop reload
let name = document.getElementById("user").value;
alert("Hello, " + name);
});
</script>
4. Reading Other Form Inputs
<input type="checkbox" id="subscribe"> Subscribe
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male"> Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"> Female
// Checkbox
document.getElementById("subscribe").checked; // true/false
// Radio buttons
let gender = document.querySelector('input[name="gender"]:checked').value;
5. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner
- Create a form with a text box and a submit button.
- When submitted, show the typed text in an alert.
✅ Challenge
- Create a form with:
- Name (text)
- Email (text)
- Subscribe (checkbox)
- When submitted:
- If email is empty → Show an error message in red.
- Else → Show “Form submitted successfully!” in green.
6. Teaching Script
“We’ve learned how to react to clicks and keypresses, but forms are where users actually give us data. JavaScript can read these values, check them, and even stop the form from sending until the data is correct. The key here is
.valuefor text inputs and.checkedfor checkboxes. Also, remember to usepreventDefault()if you want to stop the form from reloading. Let’s try making a form that says hello to the user after they submit their name.”
If you want, I can make Modules 1–6 in one HTML teaching file where each module has:
- The lesson text
- Example code
- A “Run Demo” section
That way, you can just open it in the browser and teach straight from there without switching files.
Do you want me to prepare that full Modules 1–6 combined HTML demo?
Alright — here’s Module 7: DOM Traversal in a way that’s beginner-friendly but still thorough enough for advanced understanding.
I’ll include lesson notes, code examples, practice tasks, and a teaching script so it’s ready to teach.
Module 7 – DOM Traversal
1. What is DOM Traversal?
- DOM traversal means moving through the DOM tree to find related elements:
- From parent to child
- From child to parent
- Between siblings
📌 This is useful when you know the position of an element relative to another, but not its exact ID/class.
2. Moving Down the DOM Tree (Children)
let parent = document.getElementById("container");
console.log(parent.children); // HTMLCollection of child elements
console.log(parent.firstElementChild); // First child element
console.log(parent.lastElementChild); // Last child element
Example:
<div id="container">
<p>First</p>
<p>Second</p>
<p>Third</p>
</div>
<script>
let box = document.getElementById("container");
box.firstElementChild.style.color = "red"; // Colors "First"
</script>
3. Moving Up the DOM Tree (Parents)
let child = document.querySelector("#container p");
console.log(child.parentElement); // The <div> with id="container"
4. Moving Sideways in the DOM (Siblings)
let first = document.querySelector("#container p");
console.log(first.nextElementSibling); // "Second" paragraph
console.log(first.nextElementSibling.textContent);
console.log(first.previousElementSibling); // null (no previous sibling)
5. Traversing Any Node (Not Just Elements)
.childNodesincludes text nodes (like spaces, line breaks)..childrenonly includes element nodes.
6. Example – Navigating Around
<ul id="list">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Cherry</li>
</ul>
<script>
let list = document.getElementById("list");
let banana = list.children[1];
banana.style.color = "blue"; // Colors "Banana"
banana.previousElementSibling.style.color = "red"; // "Apple"
banana.nextElementSibling.style.color = "green"; // "Cherry"
</script>
7. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner
- Select the first child of a
<div>and change its text. - Select the last child of a
<ul>and change its background.
✅ Challenge
- Given a
<ul>, find the second item using.firstElementChild.nextElementSiblingand make it bold.
8. Teaching Script
“Up to now, we’ve been grabbing elements directly with
getElementByIdorquerySelector. But sometimes we don’t know the exact selector — instead, we know where an element is relative to another one. DOM traversal lets us move up, down, or sideways in the DOM tree. We can grab parents, children, and siblings easily. This is especially useful when handling events — for example, when you click a button inside a card, you can find the card’s title by moving up to its parent, then down to the right child.”
If you want, I can make Modules 1–7 into a single interactive HTML demo where each module has a “Run Example” button and live results — so your students can try every traversal method right there in the browser.
Do you want me to prepare that combined teaching file?
Got it — here’s Module 8: Creating & Removing Elements in a clear, step-by-step teaching format with examples, practice, and a ready-to-use teaching script.
Module 8 – Creating & Removing Elements
1. Why Create or Remove Elements?
- To add new content dynamically (e.g., chat messages, notifications, list items).
- To remove outdated or unnecessary content (e.g., dismissing popups).
- This makes your page interactive without reloading.
2. Creating Elements
Step 1 – Create an Element
let newDiv = document.createElement("div");
Step 2 – Add Content
newDiv.textContent = "Hello, I’m new here!";
or:
newDiv.innerHTML = "<strong>Hello</strong> World!";
Step 3 – Add to the Page
document.body.appendChild(newDiv);
Full Example:
<div id="container"></div>
<script>
let newP = document.createElement("p");
newP.textContent = "This is a new paragraph.";
document.getElementById("container").appendChild(newP);
</script>
3. Removing Elements
Two main ways:
a) Remove a Specific Element
let element = document.getElementById("removeMe");
element.remove();
b) Remove a Child from a Parent
let parent = document.getElementById("container");
let child = document.getElementById("item1");
parent.removeChild(child);
4. Inserting in Specific Positions
let newItem = document.createElement("li");
newItem.textContent = "Mango";
let list = document.getElementById("fruits");
list.insertBefore(newItem, list.children[1]); // before Banana
5. Example – Adding and Removing with a Button
<div id="box"></div>
<button id="add">Add Paragraph</button>
<button id="remove">Remove Last Paragraph</button>
<script>
let box = document.getElementById("box");
document.getElementById("add").addEventListener("click", function(){
let p = document.createElement("p");
p.textContent = "New paragraph";
box.appendChild(p);
});
document.getElementById("remove").addEventListener("click", function(){
if (box.lastElementChild) {
box.removeChild(box.lastElementChild);
}
});
</script>
6. Practice Tasks
✅ Beginner
- Create a
<ul>and add a new<li>with text “New Item”. - Remove the first item from a
<ul>.
✅ Challenge
- Make a button that adds a numbered
<li>each time it’s clicked. - Make another button that removes all
<li>items.
7. Teaching Script
“So far, we’ve worked with elements that already exist. But what if you want new content — say, a new chat message or a notification? We can create elements with
document.createElement(), set their content with.textContentor.innerHTML, and then place them into the DOM using.appendChild()or.insertBefore(). Removing is just as simple — use.remove()for a single element or.removeChild()if you’re working from the parent. Let’s make a button that adds new paragraphs and another that deletes them.”
If you want, I can now prepare Modules 1–8 in one interactive HTML teaching file, with a tab or section for each module and live editable examples so students can try code instantly in the browser.
That would make your course fully hands-on from start to finish.
Do you want me to make that combined interactive file?
Top 10 Most Useful Math Functions in Excel
1️⃣ SUM Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The SUM function adds multiple numbers or ranges quickly to calculate the total.
Syntax:
=SUM(number1, number2, ...)
or
=SUM(range)
Example Table
| Product | Price | Quantity | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pen | 10 | 5 | 50 |
| Notebook | 25 | 2 | 50 |
| Pencil | 5 | 10 | 50 |
| Total | =SUM(D2:D4) → 150 |
How to Use It
- Input totals in column D (
D2:D4). - Type
=SUM(D2:D4)in the total cell. - Press Enter to get the total sum.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Add sales amounts.
- Sum monthly expenses.
- Total student scores.
2️⃣ AVERAGE Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The AVERAGE function calculates the mean (average) of numbers or ranges.
Syntax:
=AVERAGE(number1, number2, ...)
or
=AVERAGE(range)
Example Table
| Student | Marks |
|---|---|
| John | 80 |
| Mary | 75 |
| Alex | 90 |
| Average | =AVERAGE(B2:B4) → 81.67 |
How to Use It
- Enter marks in column B (
B2:B4). - Type
=AVERAGE(B2:B4)to calculate average. - Press Enter to get the average score.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Find average exam marks.
- Calculate average monthly expenses.
- Analyze average sales.
3️⃣ ROUND Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The ROUND function rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
Syntax:
=ROUND(number, num_digits)
Example Table
| Value | Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 123.456 | =ROUND(A2, 2) | 123.46 |
| 78.9876 | =ROUND(A3, 1) | 79.0 |
How to Use It
- Select the number to round (e.g., cell A2).
- Use formula like
=ROUND(A2, 2)to round to 2 decimal places. - Press Enter to see rounded result.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Round prices to 2 decimals.
- Round percentages for reports.
- Simplify financial data.
4️⃣ ROUNDUP / ROUNDDOWN Functions in Excel
Description / Syntax
ROUNDUP always rounds a number up; ROUNDDOWN always rounds down.
Syntax:
=ROUNDUP(number, num_digits)
=ROUNDDOWN(number, num_digits)
Example Table
| Value | Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 4.2 | =ROUNDUP(A2, 0) | 5 |
| 4.8 | =ROUNDDOWN(A3, 0) | 4 |
How to Use It
- Use
=ROUNDUP(A2, 0)to round up. - Use
=ROUNDDOWN(A3, 0)to round down. - Adjust
num_digitsas needed.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Round up project deadlines.
- Round down stock counts.
- Manage billing amounts.
5️⃣ PRODUCT Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The PRODUCT function multiplies numbers or ranges.
Syntax:
=PRODUCT(number1, number2, ...)
or
=PRODUCT(range)
Example Table
| Item | Price | Qty | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bag | 500 | 2 | =PRODUCT(B2, C2) → 1000 |
| Shoes | 800 | 1 | =PRODUCT(B3, C3) → 800 |
How to Use It
- Input price and quantity.
- Use
=PRODUCT(B2, C2)to multiply price × quantity. - Press Enter for the total.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Calculate total cost (price × quantity).
- Multiply factors in formulas.
- Calculate area or volume.
6️⃣ QUOTIENT Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The QUOTIENT function returns the integer part of a division (ignores remainder).
Syntax:
=QUOTIENT(numerator, denominator)
Example Table
| Days | Formula | Result (Weeks) |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | =QUOTIENT(A2, 7) | 1 |
| 21 | =QUOTIENT(A3, 7) | 3 |
How to Use It
- Use
=QUOTIENT(10,7)to get full weeks from days. - Enter numerator and denominator in the formula.
- Press Enter to see the integer division result.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Calculate full weeks from total days.
- Divide quantities ignoring leftover parts.
- Allocate resources evenly.
7️⃣ MOD Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The MOD function returns the remainder after division.
Syntax:
=MOD(number, divisor)
Example Table
| Total Items | Box Size | Formula | Remainder |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 3 | =MOD(A2, B2) | 1 |
| 25 | 4 | =MOD(A3, B3) | 1 |
How to Use It
- Use
=MOD(10,3)to get remainder. - Enter number and divisor in formula.
- Press Enter to get leftover amount.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Find leftover stock after packing.
- Schedule recurring events.
- Compute cyclical data.
8️⃣ POWER Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The POWER function raises a number to a specified exponent.
Syntax:
=POWER(number, power)
Example Table
| Number | Power | Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 2 | =POWER(A2, B2) | 25 |
| 3 | 4 | =POWER(A3, B3) | 81 |
How to Use It
- Use
=POWER(5, 2)to calculate 5 squared. - Enter number and exponent.
- Press Enter to get result.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Calculate compound interest.
- Compute exponential growth.
- Solve engineering problems.
9️⃣ SQRT Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The SQRT function returns the square root of a number.
Syntax:
=SQRT(number)
Example Table
| Number | Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 144 | =SQRT(A2) | 12 |
| 81 | =SQRT(A3) | 9 |
How to Use It
- Use
=SQRT(144)to find the square root. - Enter the number in the formula.
- Press Enter to see the square root.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Solve geometric problems.
- Calculate distances.
- Use in physics formulas.
🔟 ABS Function in Excel
Description / Syntax
The ABS function returns the absolute value of a number, removing any negative sign.
Syntax:
ABS(number)
Example Table
| Value | Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|
| -50 | =ABS(A2) | 50 |
| 75 | =ABS(A3) | 75 |
How to Use It
- Use
=ABS(-50)to get positive 50. - Enter the number in the formula.
- Press Enter for absolute value.
Screenshot
Real-life Uses
- Calculate distances ignoring direction.
- Show positive profit/loss values.
- Normalize data for analysis.