RAMAKAYAL COMPUTER EDUCATION

Author: Saravana Kumar

  • Lesson 2: Setting Up Your First HTML File

    Objective:

    By the end of this lesson, students will:

    1. Understand how to set up an HTML file.
    2. Learn how to create and save an HTML file.
    3. Learn about basic file management and naming conventions for HTML files.
    4. Explore how to view and edit an HTML file in a web browser.

    2.1 How to Set Up an HTML File

    Setting up an HTML file involves creating a plain text document with the .html extension, which can be opened and viewed in any web browser. Let’s go through the basic steps of creating your first HTML file:

    1. Open a Text Editor:
      • Use any simple text editor to create an HTML file. Some popular text editors are:
        • Notepad (Windows)
        • TextEdit (Mac, in plain text mode)
        • VS Code (Cross-platform)
        • Sublime Text (Cross-platform)
        • Atom (Cross-platform)
    2. Write HTML Code:
      • Begin by writing the HTML code in the text editor. You can start with the basic structure and then add your content.

    Basic HTML Template:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Welcome to My First HTML Page</h1>
    <p>This is my first webpage, and I am learning HTML!</p>
</body>
</html>

    
In this code:
    • The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration specifies the document type.
    • The <html> tag wraps the entire content.
    • The <head> contains metadata, including the document’s title.
    • The <body> contains the visible content such as headings and paragraphs.

    2.2 Saving the HTML File

    After you’ve written the HTML code, you need to save the file properly so that it can be opened in a web browser.

    1. Save File as .html:
      • Choose Save As in your text editor.
      • In the Save as type dropdown, select All Files (if available).
      • Name your file with the .html extension (e.g., index.html).
    2. Choose the Right Location:
      • Save the file to a folder where you can easily find it, such as the Desktop or Documents folder.

    2.3 Viewing the HTML File in a Browser

    To view your HTML page:

    1. Navigate to the location where you saved the .html file.
    2. Double-click the file. This will open the HTML file in your default web browser.
    3. Your webpage should appear in the browser with the content you wrote in the <body> section.

    If the page doesn’t display correctly, ensure that the file is saved with the .html extension and that your text editor is not adding any extra file extensions (e.g., .txt).

    2.4 File Management and Naming Conventions

    Here are some tips for managing and naming your HTML files effectively:

    1. File Naming:
      • Always use lowercase letters for file names (e.g., myfirstpage.html).
      • Avoid spaces in file names. Use hyphens or underscores to separate words (e.g., my_first_page.html).
      • Keep file names simple and descriptive (e.g., contact.html, about.html).
    2. File Extensions:
      • Always use .html for HTML files.
      • HTML files can be opened in any web browser, but they must be saved with the .html extension.
    3. Folder Organization:
      • Create a dedicated folder for your project (e.g., mywebsite).
      • Keep all related files—HTML, images, CSS, JavaScript—inside the same folder or organized in subfolders.

    2.5 Editing and Updating Your HTML File

    As you work on your HTML page, you may need to make changes to the content or structure. Here’s how to update your HTML file:

    1. Open the file in your text editor.
    2. Make changes to the HTML code as needed.
    3. Save the file again (use Ctrl+S or Cmd+S on Mac).
    4. Refresh the browser to see the changes immediately (press F5 or click the refresh button in the browser).

    2.6 Key Takeaways

    • HTML files are plain text documents with a .html extension.
    • Use a text editor to create and write your HTML code.
    • Always save your HTML file with the .html extension and ensure proper file naming conventions.
    • To view your HTML page, open it in a web browser.
    • Make changes to your HTML file and refresh the browser to see updates.

    Activity 2: Create Your Own HTML File

    Objective: Create an HTML file that includes a title, heading, and a paragraph.

    1. Open a text editor and write the following code:
      • The title of your page should be “My First HTML Page.”
      • Create a heading (<h1>) with the text “Welcome to My First HTML Page.”
      • Create a paragraph (<p>) with the text “This is a simple webpage created as part of my learning.”
    2. Save the file as my_first_page.html.
    3. Open the file in a web browser and check if the content is displayed correctly.

  • Lesson 1: Introduction to HTML

    Objective

    By the end of this lesson, you’ll understand:

    • What HTML is.
    • Why it’s important.
    • How to create a basic HTML document.

    What is HTML?

    HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages. It structures the content on the web, using elements like text, images, and links.

    Why Learn HTML?

    • It’s the foundation of web development.
    • It’s beginner-friendly and easy to learn.
    • It allows you to build and customize websites.

    Basic HTML Structure

    An HTML document is made up of elements. Here’s the structure:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>My Page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello, World!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

    Explanation

    1. <!DOCTYPE html>: Tells the browser this is an HTML5 document.
    2. <html>: The root element containing all HTML code.
    3. <head>: Contains metadata and the title of the page.
    4. <title>: Sets the page title visible in the browser tab.
    5. <body>: Holds the main content of the page.
    6. <h1>: Represents the main heading.
    7. <p>: Represents a paragraph.

    Activity

    1. Open a text editor (e.g., Notepad on Windows, TextEdit on Mac, or Visual Studio Code).
    2. Copy the example code above and save it as index.html.
    3. Open the file in a browser to see your first web page.

    Quiz

    1. What does <!DOCTYPE html> do?
      • a) Displays the page title.
      • b) Tells the browser the HTML version.
      • c) Adds a paragraph.
      • d) Styles the content.

    Summary

    • HTML is the backbone of web pages.
    • The structure includes elements like <html>, <head>, and <body>.
    • You can create your first web page with just a few lines of code.

  • Mastering LibreOffice Writer: Essential Shortcut Keys for Faster Productivity

    Mastering LibreOffice Writer: Essential Shortcut Keys for Faster Productivity

    General Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    New DocumentCtrl + N
    Open DocumentCtrl + O
    Save DocumentCtrl + S
    Print DocumentCtrl + P
    UndoCtrl + Z
    RedoCtrl + Y
    CutCtrl + X
    CopyCtrl + C
    PasteCtrl + V
    FindCtrl + F
    Find & ReplaceCtrl + H
    Select AllCtrl + A

    Navigation Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Move to the Beginning of the DocumentCtrl + Home
    Move to the End of the DocumentCtrl + End
    Move to the Next WordCtrl + Right Arrow
    Move to the Previous WordCtrl + Left Arrow
    Move to the Next ParagraphCtrl + Down Arrow
    Move to the Previous ParagraphCtrl + Up Arrow

    Formatting Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    BoldCtrl + B
    ItalicCtrl + I
    UnderlineCtrl + U
    StrikethroughCtrl + D
    Increase Font SizeCtrl + Shift + >
    Decrease Font SizeCtrl + Shift + <
    Align LeftCtrl + L
    Align CenterCtrl + E
    Align RightCtrl + R
    JustifyCtrl + J
    Create Bulleted ListCtrl + Shift + L
    Create Numbered ListCtrl + Shift + N

    Paragraph & Document Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Insert Page BreakCtrl + Enter
    Insert Horizontal LineCtrl + -
    Show/Hide Paragraph MarksCtrl + Shift + P
    Increase IndentationCtrl + M
    Decrease IndentationCtrl + Shift + M

    Table Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Insert TableCtrl + F12
    Add Table RowCtrl + Enter
    Add Table ColumnCtrl + Shift +

    Other Useful Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Open Styles and FormattingF11
    Show/Hide Formatting ToolbarCtrl + Shift + F
    Toggle Field CodesCtrl + F9
    Insert HyperlinkCtrl + K

    These shortcut keys are commonly used to increase productivity and speed while working in LibreOffice Writer.

    4o mini

  • LibreOffice Calc shortcut keys:

    LibreOffice Calc shortcut keys:

    General Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    New FileCtrl + N
    Open FileCtrl + O
    Save FileCtrl + S
    PrintCtrl + P
    UndoCtrl + Z
    RedoCtrl + Y
    CutCtrl + X
    CopyCtrl + C
    PasteCtrl + V
    Select AllCtrl + A
    FindCtrl + F
    Find & ReplaceCtrl + H
    Insert FunctionShift + F2
    Spell CheckF7

    Navigation Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Move to the Next Cell (Right)Tab
    Move to the Previous Cell (Left)Shift + Tab
    Move to the Next Row (Down)Arrow Down
    Move to the Previous Row (Up)Arrow Up
    Go to the First Cell (A1)Ctrl + Home
    Go to the Last CellCtrl + End
    Go to the Next SheetCtrl + Page Down
    Go to the Previous SheetCtrl + Page Up

    Editing Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Insert RowCtrl + Shift + +
    Delete RowCtrl + -
    Insert ColumnCtrl + Shift + =
    Delete ColumnCtrl + Shift + -
    Add a New SheetShift + F11
    Insert HyperlinkCtrl + K
    Open Cell Format DialogCtrl + 1

    Formatting Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    BoldCtrl + B
    ItalicCtrl + I
    UnderlineCtrl + U
    Align LeftCtrl + L
    Align CenterCtrl + E
    Align RightCtrl + R
    Increase Font SizeCtrl + Shift + >
    Decrease Font SizeCtrl + Shift + <
    Format as CurrencyCtrl + Shift + $
    Format as PercentageCtrl + Shift + %

    Cell Formatting Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    Format as DateCtrl + Shift + #
    Format as NumberCtrl + Shift + !
    Format as TextCtrl + Shift + @
    Merge CellsCtrl + M
    Wrap Text in CellAlt + Enter

    Data Shortcuts

    ActionShortcut Key
    AutoSumAlt + Shift + =
    Sort AscendingAlt + A + S
    Sort DescendingAlt + A + O
    Open Filter MenuCtrl + Shift + L
    Toggle Auto FilterCtrl + Shift + L

    These shortcuts will help improve your efficiency while using LibreOffice Calc.

  • Python Question and Answers – Part 2

    Python Question and Answers – Part 2

    Python Lists – Quiz

    1. How do you create a list in Python?

    • A. {}
    • B. []
    • C. ()
    • D. <>

    2. What is the first index of a Python list?

    • A. 0
    • B. 1
    • C. -1
    • D. None

    3. Which method adds an item to the end of a list?

    • A. add()
    • B. insert()
    • C. append()
    • D. extend()

    4. How would you access the last item in a list?

    • A. list[0]
    • B. list[-1]
    • C. list[1]
    • D. list[2]

    5. What does fruits[1:3] return for fruits = [“apple”, “banana”, “cherry”, “date”]?

    • A. [“apple”, “banana”]
    • B. [“banana”, “cherry”]
    • C. [“cherry”, “date”]
    • D. [“banana”]

    6. Which method removes an item by its index?

    • A. delete()
    • B. discard()
    • C. remove()
    • D. pop()

    7. What does list.reverse() do?

    • A. Sorts the list
    • B. Adds items to the list
    • C. Reverses order
    • D. Removes the last item

    8. How do you delete an item by its value?

    • A. list.pop()
    • B. list.remove()
    • C. list.del()
    • D. list.pop(value)

    9. What does fruits.sort() do for fruits = [“cherry”, “apple”, “banana”]?

    • A. Arranges alphabetically
    • B. Reverses the list
    • C. Does nothing
    • D. Adds “apple”

    10. How would you add “pear” at the start of a fruits list?

    • A. fruits[0] = “pear”
    • B. fruits.append(“pear”)
    • C. fruits.insert(0, “pear”)
    • D. fruits.push(“pear”)

    Python Dictionaries – Quiz

    1. How do you create a dictionary in Python?

    • A. {}
    • B. []
    • C. ()
    • D. <>

    2. What data structure is a collection of key-value pairs?

    • A. List
    • B. Set
    • C. Tuple
    • D. Dictionary

    3. How would you access the value of “name” in person[“name”]?

    • A. person.name
    • B. person{“name”}
    • C. person[“name”]
    • D. person{[“name”]}

    4. How do you add a new key-value pair to a dictionary?

    • A. add()
    • B. update()
    • C. append()
    • D. dictionary[key] = value

    5. Which method removes a key-value pair and returns the value?

    • A. pop()
    • B. remove()
    • C. delete()
    • D. discard()

    6. What happens if you access a key that doesn’t exist?

    • A. Error
    • B. Returns None
    • C. Adds key with None
    • D. Creates empty dictionary

    7. How do you loop through all keys and values?

    • A. .items()
    • B. .pairs()
    • C. .all()
    • D. .keys()

    8. Which method returns only the values in a dictionary?

    • A. keys()
    • B. items()
    • C. values()
    • D. pairs()

    9. How do you delete a key-value pair by key?

    • A. del
    • B. remove()
    • C. delete()
    • D. discard()

    10. Which is a valid dictionary?

    • A. {“a”, “b”, “c”}
    • B. {1, 2, 3}
    • C. {“key”: value}
    • D. [“key”: “value”]

    Python Tuples – Quiz

    Question 1: What is a tuple in Python?

    • A. A mutable collection
    • B. An immutable collection
    • C. A method
    • D. A variable type

    Question 2: How do you create a tuple in Python?

    • A. []
    • B. {}
    • C. ()
    • D. <>

    Question 3: What is the main difference between a list and a tuple?

    • A. Tuples can be changed, lists cannot
    • B. Tuples are immutable, lists are mutable
    • C. Lists store strings only, tuples store integers only
    • D. Tuples are slower than lists

    Question 4: Which of the following is a valid tuple?

    • A. [1, 2, 3]
    • B. {1, 2, 3}
    • C. (1, 2, 3)
    • D. tuple[1, 2, 3]

    Question 5: What will be the output of the following code?

    t = (1, 2, 3)
print(t[1])
    • A. 1
    • B. 2
    • C. 3
    • D. Error

    Question 6: How do you find the length of a tuple in Python?

    • A. size(t)
    • B. len(t)
    • C. length(t)
    • D. count(t)

    Question 7: What does the following code do?

    t = (1, 2, 3)
t[1] = 5
    • A. Updates the tuple
    • B. Throws an error
    • C. Creates a new tuple
    • D. Deletes the tuple

    Question 8: Which method is used to count occurrences of an element in a tuple?

    • A. index()
    • B. find()
    • C. count()
    • D. occurrences()

    Question 9: What will t = (1, 2, 3, 2); print(t.count(2)) return?

    • A. 0
    • B. 1
    • C. 2
    • D. Error

    Question 10: Which method is used to find the index of an element in a tuple?

    • A. locate()
    • B. find()
    • C. position()
    • D. index()

    Python Functions – Quiz

    Question 1: What is a function in Python?

    • A. A type of loop
    • B. A block of code that performs a specific task
    • C. A variable declaration
    • D. A type of data structure

    Question 2: Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?

    • A. func
    • B. define
    • C. def
    • D. function

    Question 3: What will the following code output?

    def add(a, b):  
    return a + b  

print(add(2, 3))
    • A. 23
    • B. 5
    • C. 6
    • D. Error

    Question 4: What does a function without a return statement return?

    • A. None
    • B. 0
    • C. False
    • D. Error

    Question 5: What is a parameter in Python?

    • A. The name of the function
    • B. The output of the function
    • C. Input to the function
    • D. A type of variable

    Question 6: Which of the following is NOT a valid function name?

    • A. calculateSum
    • B. 1stFunction
    • C. my_function
    • D. _helper

    Question 7: What is the correct way to call the following function?

    def greet(name):  
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
    • A. greet()
    • B. greet(“John”)
    • C. print(greet(“John”))
    • D. Hello(name)

    Question 8: What does the return keyword do in a function?

    • A. Stops the function execution
    • B. Specifies what value a function gives back
    • C. Defines a parameter
    • D. None of the above

    Question 9: How can you pass multiple arguments to a function?

    • A. Using a list
    • B. Using multiple variables separated by commas
    • C. Using a string
    • D. Only one argument can be passed

    Question 10: Which of these is an example of a function with default parameters?

    def greet(name="User"):  
    print(f"Hello, {name}")  

greet()
    • A. def greet(name=”User”): print(f”Hello, {name}”) greet()
    • B. def greet(): print(“Hello, User”) greet()
    • C. def greet(name): print(f”Hello, {name}”) greet(“User”)
    • D. def greet(): return “Hello, User”